Virtual reality (VR) technology has become a prominent research focus in the field of rehabilitation. This paper comprehensively analyzes recent domestic and international studies on the application of VR in rehabilitation, systematically reviewing its key applications in rehabilitation medicine, including pain management, balance and gait training, cognitive and psychological rehabilitation, and upper/lower limb functional recovery. In pain management, VR alleviates patients’ pain perception through immersive experiences. For balance training, its dynamic interactive features significantly enhance patients’ stability. In psychological rehabilitation, VR combined with exposure therapy helps improve cognitive dysfunction. Regarding limb function recovery, VR facilitates motor rehabilitation through task-oriented training. Although VR demonstrates significant advantages, challenges such as high equipment costs and lack of technical standardization remain. In the future, with the development of lightweight and intelligent supporting devices, VR will play an even greater role in tele-rehabilitation and interdisciplinary collaboration, bringing benefits to more patients.

Early childhood is a critical period for the development of fundamental motor skills, during which the nervous system of young children exhibits strong plasticity, making them highly sensitive to the learning and mastery of motor skills; children with better-developed motor skills are more likely to maintain active exercise habits in adulthood, reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases and forming a healthy lifestyle. The effects of different types of physical activity interventions on the fundamental movement skills of 3 to 6 years old children were investigated by retrieving Chinese and foreign databases from 2004 to 2024, and 22 studies were screened according to strict criteria for Meta-analysis. The results show that physical activity interventions significantly improve children's fundamental movement skills, with functional, game-based, rhythmic-based, and comprehensive exercises all demonstrating positive effects; among them, fundamental movement skills training demonstrated the largest effect size in enhancing locomotor skills, while game-based and fundamental movement skills training have greater impacts on manipulative skills. Subgroup analysis indicated that interventions conducted three times a week, lasting more than 30 minutes per session, and lasting 5 to 12 weeks produced better results. The research limitations include one-sided outcome indicators, and the failure to consider gender and cultural differences. In conclusion, game-based and functional physical activity interventions, combined with scientific frequency, duration, and cycle, have a significant effect on the development of fundamental movement skills in young children.

Based on the physiological and biomechanical mechanism of integrative neuromuscular training on the prevention and rehabilitation of ACL injury and the assessment of knee dysfunction, the effect of integrative neuromuscular training on the rehabilitation and prevention of ACL injury was comprehensively analyzed. It has been found that the main mechanisms of integrative neuromuscular training to prevent lower limb injury are stimulating muscle and nerve regeneration and repair, improving muscle strength and coordination, rebuilding proprioception, improving muscle strength distribution around knee joint, and optimizing joint motion trajectory. Integrative neuromuscular training can effectively rehabilitate knee functional symptoms after ACL surgery, improve posture control and neuromuscular control ability, strengthen proprioception, enhance dynamic stability of knee joint, reduce the incidence of ACL injury, and reduce the occurrence of secondary injury, so as to help patients better return to exercise.

Objective: To explore the current research status, hotspots and trends in the field of Baduanjin at home and abroad, and to provide reference for the research in this field. Methods: Based on the CNKI and Web of Science databases, CiteSpace software was used to conduct a visual analysis of the annual number of publications, authors, institutions, keywords, cluster maps, time frame views, research fronts and emerging trends related to Baduanjin from 2014 to 2024. Results: A total of 1,106 Chinese-language documents and 224 English-language documents were included in the study, with the annual publication volume showing an overall upward trend. In terms of collaboration between authors and institutions, foreign countries are slightly better than domestic ones. Health promotion, quality of life, well-being, elderly people, depression and anxiety are common research topics in this field both domestically and internationally. Conclusion: Research topics both domestically and internationally are gradually shifting from the health promotion effects of Baduanjin to clinical efficacy studies on disease intervention.The application of Baduanjin has gradually evolved from strengthening the body and promoting health to disease rehabilitation and treatment. Over the past decade, with increased research into Baduanjin, and against the backdrop of the post-pandemic era, Baduanjin has become a growing trend in promoting healthy living, intervening in disease rehabilitation, and improving quality of life through combined treatment.At the same time, attention should be paid to strengthening communication between authors and cooperation between organizations to enhance the depth and breadth of research.

Proprioceptive impairment is a key factor affecting the recovery of knee joint function after surgery. Proprioceptive feedback is the subjective perception of knee joint stability, and the application of proprioceptive training as a rehabilitation method is gradually increasing in postoperative knee rehabilitation. This review attempts to summarize the current application and safety of proprioceptive training in postoperative knee rehabilitation, aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the safe and effective use of this technique. Relevant studies on the application of proprioceptive training in postoperative knee rehabilitation were searched in databases such as PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). A review of domestic and international literature revealed that proprioceptive training can alleviate pain in most patients, promote the recovery of knee joint function, improve the quality of life, and reduce postoperative complications. However, current research lacks training programs for different populations, and improper use may lead to safety issues.

This study comprehensively analyzed the expression changes of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1 β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in tissue lesions of different types of tendinopathy animal models, in order to provide reference for the pathogenesis of tendon disease. The primary objective of this study was to provide a reference for the pathogenesis of tendinopathies. A review of the existing literature revealed that the majority of animal models of tendinopathy are primarily comprised of three distinct categories: the first category is the chemically induced injection model; the second category is the cutting-injury tendon injury model; and the third category is the over-exercise tendon injury model. Furthermore, it was observed that IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α are the most studied proinflammatory factors in tendinopathy animal models. In this study, the two animal models of cutting-injury and overuse injury were analysed. The analysis revealed that in the cutaneous tendon injury model, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were elevated at the early stage of tendon injury. However, IL-6 expression gradually decreased after one week, and IL-1β expression tended to be unchanged after two weeks, before beginning to decrease after three weeks. In the over-exercise tendon injury model, the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α primarily increased after a period of two weeks. The upregulation of these cytokines during the early stages of tendon injury is consistent with their critical role in the inflammatory response. Despite the valuable insights provided by the present study concerning the expression profile of proinflammatory cytokines in tendinopathy, certain limitations must be acknowledged. Consequently, further research is required to provide additional validation for these findings and to investigate the specific mechanisms by which cytokines contribute to the development of tendinopathy.

As a key tool in modern rehabilitation medicine, lower limb rehabilitation robots offer efficient, precise, and personalized training solutions for patients with lower limb motor dysfunction, significantly improving rehabilitation outcomes and quality of life. At present, there are relatively few review articles on intelligent lower limb rehabilitation robot technologies in China; this paper aims to provide researchers with a systematic overview of research in this area. This paper briefly reviews the development history and main types of lower limb rehabilitation robots and elaborates on the application of deep learning technologies in this field, covering convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and reinforcement learning. By deeply analyzing key challenges in the field, such as difficulties in data acquisition and labeling, limited model generalization, and the demands of real-time control tasks, this paper explores future development trends including multimodal data fusion, few-shot learning, and integration with virtual reality technologies, with the aim of advancing lower limb rehabilitation robot technologies and enhancing rehabilitation experiences for patients.

Knee osteoarthritis is a common chronic degenerative disease in middle-aged and elderly people, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Limited by the distribution of medical resources and patients' mobility, telerehabilitation, as an innovative model of “Internet + medical health”, provides home-based rehabilitation support for knee osteoarthritis patients through technologies such as video conferencing, telephone guidance, SMS platforms, WeChat, and sensors. This paper systematically reviews the application types (such as video, telephone, SMS, WeChat, sensors), evaluation indicators (pain, functional,quality of life, compliance), and research progress of telerehabilitation in knee osteoarthritis patients. It is found that telerehabilitation is significantly effective in reducing pain and improving compliance, but domestic research is still in its infancy, and long-term efficacy needs to be verified by large samples. In the future, it is necessary to develop personalized telerehabilitation programs combined with national conditions and promote the deep integration of technology and clinical practice.

To identify the multiple condition combinations that drive the success of innovative models for promoting elderly health through sport, this study selected 20 typical cases and employed the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis （fsQCA） method to systematically examine the key elements and their synergistic mechanisms across five dimensions：the foundational support layer, the technology-driven layer, the demand-mapping layer, the implementation carrier layer, and the value-enhancement layer. The findings suggest that a closed-loop mechanism, comprising demand identification, precise matching, and dynamic adjustment, combined with the cultural dissemination effects generated by intergenerational interaction, can overcome resource constraints and enhance sport-based health services for older adults. This provides an innovative “demand-oriented+cultural empowerment” model for health governance in aging societies. The policy leverage mechanism hinges on the alignment between policy tool combinations and the levels of technological penetration and service richness, forming a transformation chain from “policy potential” to “service kinetic energy” thereby strengthening the intensity and comprehensiveness of sport-based health empowerment for the elderly. Looking ahead, improvements in health management tools, the integration of sports and healthcare, and the integration pathway of sports, medicine, and wellness—supported by national policies, societal participation, and technological advancement—will contribute to achieving the societal goal of healthy aging.

Through systematic searches of Chinese and English databases, including CNKI, Wan Fang, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science, randomized controlled trials were analyzed to explore the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the therapeutic effects of patients with type 2 diabetes, particularly its effects on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FPG), and 2-hour postprandial glucose (2hPG) as primary indicators, and to assess changes in secondary indicators such as body composition, blood pressure, cardiopulmonary function, and blood lipids. Studies indicate that 8~12 weeks of HIIT can significantly reduce HbA1c, FPG, and 2hPG in patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as improve body composition, blood pressure, cardiopulmonary function, and blood lipids. HIIT has a positive effect on improving blood sugar control and related health indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, long-term studies are needed to verify the durability of its effects and safety profile. Future research should further explore the comparative effects of HIIT with traditional exercise and how to safely and effectively integrate HIIT into the daily management of patients with diabetes.

The Gut Microbiota(GM) can exert direct or indirect effects on bone homeostasis by regulating host metabolism, immune system, hormone levels and other pathways, and the emerging research field of the gut microbiota-bone metabolism axis has attracted increasing attention. This study aims to systematically analyze effective research strategies based on this axis. By retrieving relevant literature, this study reviews and summarizes from the aspects of mechanism exploration, animal experimental models, clinical studies, multi-omics technologies, etc., and clarifies that the gut microbiota can act on bone metabolism through mechanisms such as metabolite mediation, immune regulation, and affecting gut-bone hormone secretion. Meanwhile, animal models such as germ-free mice, observational and interventional studies in populations, and multi-omics technologies such as metagenomics provide effective means for research in this field. At the same time, this study points out the current challenges including the impact of individual differences, limitations of models, and complexity of microbial interactions, and further looks forward to future research directions, in order to provide a theoretical basis and reference for further in-depth exploration of the mechanism of action of the gut microbiota on bone metabolism and therapeutic targets.

Objective: This study is to explore the rehabilitation effect of acupuncture and moxibustion combined with massage on non fracture ankle sports injury. Methods: In this study, 160 patients with non-fracture ankle sports injuries who received treatment at Shandong Vocational College of Special Education from July 2021 to October 2023 were selected, and the patients were divided into TCM combined group and conventional rehabilitation group by random number table method. Patients in the conventional rehabilitation group received standard rehabilitation training, and patients in the TCM combined group received standard rehabilitation training on the basis of routine rehabilitation training. Added acupuncture and massage treatment. The effects and quality of life after treatment, as well as ankle joint function before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. Results: The effective rate of TCM combined group was higher than that of conventional rehabilitation group (P<0.05). Before treatment, the scores of AOFAS and FAAM in the two groups were close, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). After treatment, the scores of AOFAS and FAAM in the TCM combined group were higher than those in the conventional rehabilitation group (P<0.01). SF-36 scores were significantly lower in the TCM group than that of conventional rehabilitation group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Acupuncture combined with massage has a significant effect on the treatment of non-fracture ankle joint sports injury, which can improve the ankle joint function and improve the quality of life.

Smart bandages represent a novel class of wound dressings that integrate traditional functions such as fixation and protection with advanced features including intelligent monitoring, infection prevention, and active therapy. These devices offer considerable advantages in the field of health monitoring and beyond. A typical smart bandage consists of flexible substrates, sensing units, flexible electronic circuits, drug delivery systems, wireless communication modules, and other integrated components. They are capable of real-time monitoring of various physiological parameters, such as biomechanical signals, temperature, pH levels, and specific biomarkers, thereby demonstrating broad application potential in motion tracking, chronic wound management, intelligent diagnostics and treatment, emergency medical response, precision drug delivery, and personalized healthcare. This review focuses on the monitoring of health-related indicators via smart bandages. Based on an overview of their structural components and monitoring mechanisms, the paper systematically summarizes the development status of smart bandages with different functionalities, including those capable of biomechanical, pH, temperature, and biomarker monitoring, as well as multifunctional integrated systems. Finally, the review discusses the current advantages, key technical challenges, and future research directions in this emerging field.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Tai Chi on Stress Urinary Incontinence in older women. Methods: 66 older female patients who suffered from Stress Urinary Incontinence were randomly divided into an observation group, an experimental group, and a control group. Each group has 22 participants. During the 8-week intervention, the observation group received health education three times a week; the experimental group received three 60-minute Tai Chi exercises each week in addition to three health education; the control group received three 60-minute Kegel exercises in addition to three health education. Observe the indicator changes of the subjects in the three groups at different periods before or after the intervention. The indicators to be observed include one-hour urine pad test, Incontinence Quality of Life Scale, General Self-Efficacy-Urinary Incontinence (GES-UI) Chinese Scale and Modified Oxford Grading Scale. The data was statistically analyzed after the test. Results: After 8 weeks of intervention, both the experimental group and the control group had significantly less urine leakage compared to before the intervention (P<0.01); in I-QOL scale, both the experimental group and the control group showed a significant increase in total score and social interaction score than before the intervention (P<0.05), while the experimental group received a significant increase in psychological score (P<0.05); in GSE-UI Chinese scale, both the experimental group and the control group showed significant increases in total score, confidence in therapeutic efficacy, and urinary control awareness than before (P<0.05), while the experimental group showed significant increases in confidence in adhering to exercise therapy score and controlling urinary leakage score (P<0.01); both the experimental group and the control group showed significant improvement than before the intervention in Modified Oxford Grading Scale (P<0.01). Conclusion: The eight-week health education combined with sports intervention can effectively improve pelvic floor muscle strength, alleviate urinary leakage symptoms, and increase the quality of life and self-efficacy of patients. Tai Chi yields greater improvements than Kegel exercises in alleviating participants’ psychological distress and optimizing exercise therapy adherence.

Research of chronic ankle instability has progressed beyond the traditional view focused solely on structural ligamentous damage (mechanical instability) to incorporate a dual-dimensional model encompassing neurosensory-motor integration dysfunction (functional instability). This understanding has further evolved into a syndrome framework involving multifactorial interactions. This article systematically reviews the latest research progress on the pathological mechanisms of CAI, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing clinical management and rehabilitation strategies, and to outline key directions for future research.

Objective: To analyze the distribution and statistical classification results of spine, limb and joint training injuries of parachutists, and to distinguish the different effects of basic training and parachute training on the occurrence of training injuries. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the training injury registration data of orthopedic patients from 2022 to 2024. The injury spectrum, age, service years, training types and other factors as well as the injury spectrum distribution of parachute training were analyzed. Results: A total of 322 subjects were included for statistical analysis. The top three of the disease spectrum were 117 cases of thigh and lower leg injury (36.34%), 62 cases of knee injury (19.25%), and 49 cases of thoracolumbar fracture (15.22%); The incidence rate of parachutists with low age and low age is high. The first three cases of parachute training were thigh and calf injury in 56 cases (48.86%), thoracolumbar fracture in 37 cases (31.63%), and upper limb injury. The main training leading to training injury was parachute training. Conclusion: the statistical analysis of training injuries reflects the difference in the incidence of training injuries between the overall physical training and skydiving training. In the establishment of training prevention and control system, preventive measures should be taken according to the characteristics of the incidence of diseases to reduce the occurrence of training injuries.

Objective: The concept of osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) has received widespread attention since it was proposed. This study reveals the research hotspots and trends related to OSO through the visual analysis of literature. Method: The relevant literatures of OSO in CNKI and Web of Science databases were retrieved systematically from January 2000 to October 2024. Visual analysis was conducted using CiteSpace 6.1.R6 software. Results: A total of 972 literatures were retrieved and included (379 in Chinese and 593 in foreign languages). The visualization results show that the number of domestic and international papers published in the OSO research field has shown a relatively stable growth trend. The countries with the highest national centrality are the United Kingdom and the United States. Domestic researchers mainly focus on internal cooperation within medical institutions, while cross-institutional cooperation is commonly carried out abroad. The key words with high centralization both at home and abroad are sarcopenia, bone mineral density and risk factors, etc. The research hotspots are mainly focused on risk prediction and management strategies, and the research trend tends to clarify each risk factor and standardize specific management strategies. Risk factors mainly include age, lifestyle and chronic diseases. Management strategies mainly include drug treatment, nutritional support and exercise intervention. Conclusion: Research in the field of OSO has gradually attracted attention, but it remains at a preliminary stage. The research progress is restricted by multiple factors. In the future, more feasibility investigations and studies are urgently needed to further standardize the above-mentioned interventions, and explore the dosage standards of high-protein and high-calcium diets, as well as the formulation of prescriptions for aerobic and resistance training, in order to better focus on high-risk groups and promote the effective promotion of early screening and related management strategies.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of warm moxibustion combined with scraping therapy and Baduanjin in the treatment of axial neck pain. Methods: 76 patients with axial neck pain admitted from January to December 2024 were randomly divided into two groups using a random number table method. The control group (38 cases) received ultra short wave treatment and health education, while the observation group (38 cases) received warm moxibustion and scraping therapy combined with Baduanjin treatment, with 1~2 times a week as one course of treatment for 4 consecutive weeks. Observe the changes in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Neck Pain Scale (NPQ), Neck Dysfunction Index (NDI), and Yasuhisa Tanaka Symptom Scale scores of the two groups of patients before and after treatment, as well as the pain relief rate. Results: The gender, age, disease duration, VAS score, NPQ score, NDI score, and Tanaka Yasuhisa Symptom Scale score of the two groups of patients before treatment were comparable. After treatment, the VAS scores, NPQ scores, and NDI scores of both groups were lower than those before treatment, and the scores of the Yasuhisa Tanaka Symptom Scale were higher than those before treatment. The differences were statistically significant (P<0.001), and the VAS scores, NPQ scores, and NDI scores of the observation group were all lower than those of the control group. The score of the Symptom scale of Yasuhisa Tanaka was higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The pain relief rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Warm moxibustion therapy combined with scraping and Badunjin can relieve axial neck pain, improve the range of motion and cervical spine function, enhance patients′ quality of life. This combined therapy deserves widespread promotion.

Objective: To combine Mulligan technique with eccentric training to intervene in patients with lateral epicondylitis, to understand its impact on the degree of pain and functional status, and to find a better treatment plan for patients with lateral epicondylitis. Methods: 43 patients with lateral epicondylitis in Xi'an were recruited from Xi'an Physical Education University from November to December 2024 were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was treated with eccentric training combined with stretching training. The experimental group was treated with Mulligan dynamic joint mobilization on the basis of the control group, 30 min / time, 3 times / week, 4 weeks / course of treatment; the changes of visual analogue scale (VAS), JOA elbow function score, painless grip strength and wrist extensor muscle strength were compared between the two groups 4 weeks after treatment. Results: Before treatment, there were no significant differences in VAS scores, JOA elbow joint function scores, painless grip strength, and wrist extensor muscle strength between the two patient groups (P>0.05). After 4 weeks of treatment, both groups exhibited significant decreases in VAS scores (P<0.05) and significant improvements in JOA elbow joint function scores, painless grip strength, and wrist extensor muscle strength (P<0.05). Furthermore, the experimental group showed significantly better VAS scores, JOA elbow joint function scores, and overall effectiveness compared to the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Mulligan dynamic joint mobilization combined with eccentric training is more effective in improving pain and elbow function in patients with external humeral epicondylitis than eccentric training alone.

As a crucial approach to restoring knee joint stability and reducing secondary injuries, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (ACLR) directly determines the degree of patients′ joint function recovery and quality of life through its postoperative rehabilitation outcomes. Although the accumulation of evidence-based evidence and clinical promotion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the field of ACLR postoperative rehabilitation are still in their infancy, AI has demonstrated enormous potential to break through the limitations of traditional rehabilitation. This study aims to systematically review the research status of AI in ACLR postoperative rehabilitation in recent years, conduct an in-depth analysis of the differences in adaptability of different AI technologies in aspects such as functional monitoring, training guidance, and risk prevention and control, and clarify the existing technical bottlenecks and clinical pain points in the current field by comparing the research progress at home and abroad.